Klara Midander

Research problem and specific questionsThe purpose of the project is to characterize and quantify skin exposure to allergenic, irritant, toxic and carcinogenic metals during large-scale recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LiB). We will measure the concentrations of lithium, manganese, cobalt and nickel on and in the skin at different stages of the recycling process for LiB. Furthermore, we will study the relationship between the metals in urine and blood and the different exposure routes (skin and inhalation). We will also investigate health-related disease and hand eczema among workers within LiB recycling.Data and methodWe intend to recruit 100 participants including 30 controls for inclusion in the study. All measurements will be performed Skin wipes and repeated tape stripping of defined dermal areas, with following chemical analysis will yield a measure of concentration of metals on and in the skin. Using personal measurement of inhalable dust, knowledge on inhalation exposure is gained. By analysing metal content in urine and blood samples, we obtain measurements of the internal dose of metals. These data can then be modelled using statistical methods and exposure models to estimate how different routes of exposure contribute to internal dose. In connection with the sampling before and after the work shift, the participants will answer questions about the status of the skin and whether they have ever had hand eczema.Social relevance and utilisationElectrification of the transport sector and requirements for recycled material in LiB production have created a demand for specialised recycling. However, LiB contains several harmful substances. Therefore, it is important to develop new, specific knowledge about exposure, enabling adequate risk assessment and prioritization of preventive efforts already at the start-up phase of the new facilities that are being built in Sweden. This will enable us to identify safe working practices ensuring workers’ health.Plan for project realisation This project will be carried out at an established recycling company, which will open its new facility for LiB recycling at the Swedish west coast during spring 2024. Within the project, we will carry out occupational measurements during year 1 and year 2. In year 3, the results will be processed together with the company to enable implementation of routines that will lead to reduced exposure and a good work environment.

Research problem and specific questions: In Sweden, a large-scale expansion of lithium-ion battery (LiB) production for transports is underway in line with the green transition to phase out fossil fuels. Chemical health risks in this new occupational context are unknown.We aim to:1) characterise the occupational exposure to metals as well as chemicals with specific regulations, used during manufacturing of LiB.2) investigate potential health effects related to such exposures in target organs among workers.3) perform health risk assessments and propose recommendations for occupational health surveillance and guideline values for biomonitoring.4) together with the companies find solutions to minimise the identified risks.Data and method: The project will be performed among workers from two large facilities manufacturing LiB in Sweden that will start their operation in 2024-2025. In three work packages, we will specifically:1) characterise the exposure to metals (lithium, nickel, cobalt) through air and skin sampling and biomonitoring (in blood and urine)2) characterise the exposure to solvents (1-methyl-2-pyrrolodione) and glue components (diisocyanates, methyl methacrylate) through air and skin sampling3) investigate potential health effects in target organs (skin, lungs, thyroid and kidneys), propose occupational health surveillance, guideline values for biomonitoring, and together with the companies find strategies to minimise health risks.Societal relevance and utilization: This project will provide knowledge on working conditions in the growing LiB industry. We will work closely with the companies and occupational health services and disseminate the results among stakeholders, to ensure the implementation of the results. This knowledge will also be useful for other similar facilities in Sweden and internationally. Thousands of workers will be employed in these new workplaces the coming years, and thus it is critical to understand potential occupational health risks. The project contributes to a safe and sustainable working life on the short and long term and helps achieving the global goals of Agenda 2030.Plan for project realization: The project will be performed in two facilities manufacturing LiB in Sweden. Sampling campaigns and laboratory analyses will be performed in 2024-2025. In 2026, we will perform the data analysis and writing of scientific publications and a final report.