Theo Bodin

This project investigates the role of Artificial Intelligence in future-proofing long-term care (LTC). The sector faces multiple challenges: an ageing population, limited productivity gains in a labour-intensive sector, labour shortages, and the crisis of traditional modes of care provision amid rising female employment rates. This project explores AI’s potential to help the sector respond to long-standing and growing workforce challenges, improve its value proposition and care quality. We will inform industry standards, care models, and share best practices to inform viable and high-quality care solutions.The project focus is on algorithmic management (AM) as an element of AI and its effects on job & care quality. AM may alter the dynamics of the manager-worker-care recipient. However, existing literature rarely engages systematically with the job quality-AM/AI nexus. By offering a research study that compares five countries’ (Austria, Belgium, Sweden, Spain and the UK) this project will systematically investigate efforts to address issues affecting the sustainability of LTC. A key research focus is to explore the challenges and potential of AM/AI to (i) address recruitment & retention challenges through enhancing working conditions and (ii) improve care quality with potentially better outcomes for workers, care recipients and their families, using company case studies in three subsectors within LTC. Special attention will be paid to certain dimensions of job quality relevant to AM/AI: intrinsic elements (OH&S, work intensification, surveillance, consultative rights, and voice) and extrinsic elements (wages, working hours, benefits, employment conditions, skills).Empirically, the project will strengthen the LTC and job quality literature by exploring the less researched role of how public and private care providers across LTC regimes have embraced AM/AI. It will advance the understanding of the effects of deploying AM/AI at workplace level to shed light on the dynamics between AM and job quality within LTC. Theoretically, it will extend the job quality and LTC literature by refining and reframing present job indicators in the context of AM/AI with the aim to develop viable solutions to address labour shortage challenges. On the societal level the project contribute to national & EU policy agendas on the digital transformation of care work.

Research Problem and Specific Questions: This comprehensive study investigates the differential impacts of adverse life events on labor market trajectories and health outcomes between standard and non-standard employees in Sweden. The research aims to address two pivotal questions: First, how do adverse life events affect the labor market and health trajectories of these two groups? Second, how do non-standard workers cope with such events, particularly in terms of support from welfare and social security systems?Data and Method: The study utilizes a robust dataset encompassing approximately 5.4 million individuals aged 16-64 registered in Sweden from 2005 to 2022, integrating key administrative and healthcare registers. This includes the Total Population Register, Multi-generation Register (MGR), LISA, and others. The study comprises three work packages: a quantitative analysis using longitudinal methods and Cox Proportional Hazards Model to assess labor market outcomes and mortality risks

a qualitative analysis of interviews with non-standard employees focusing on personal experiences and coping strategies

and the development of a policy handbook informed by both quantitative and qualitative findings.Societal Relevance and Utilisation: This research is highly relevant in understanding the complexities of non-standard employment and its impact on individuals´ lives, especially during adverse events. Insights from this study will inform policy makers, government agencies and labor organizations, about the unique challenges faced by non-standard employees, guiding them to develop more inclusive and supportive policies and practices.Plan for Project Realisation: Ethics and most of the data is already in place, building on previous successful projects. The project will be executed in three phases: quantitative analysis of registry data, qualitative analysis of interviews, and synthesis of findings into a comprehensive policy handbook. The handbook will be reviewed by stakeholders and disseminated widely to maximize impact. The project builds on previous successful policy dialogues and aims to enhance the support and reduce the vulnerability of non-standard employees through informed policy-making and practices.

Algorithms are changing the World of Work: from the tasks that consitute work to how it is organised and governed. Lack of data and knowledge about the impacts of algorithmic management (AM) on work and workers pose a societal challenge today. This deficit is particularly pronounced outside of platform work - in economic sectors where the use of AM is growing, such as logistics, including transport, storage and delivery services and the retail and hospitality industry. In both platform and non-platform work there is a lack of research about the effects of AM on the work environment and workers’ health and well-being. Therefore, the overall aim of this multi-disciplinary research program is to improve data and knowledge about algorithmic management in non-platform sectors and its effects on health, safety, and well-being, as well as develop risk-reducing tools and strategies by:Facilitating the development of a standard for measurement of algorithmic management at work and related risks for health, safety and well-being.Increasing knowledge about the effects of algorithmic management on workers’ health, safety, and well-being.Investigating the balance of interests related to the control of algorithms in different legal contexts regarding occupational health and safety (OSH).The proposed program will contribute with enhanced data and knowledge about challenges and opportunities of AM to safety, health and well-being as well as evidence-based tools and strategies to be used by stakeholders in discussions and action related to AM. The program applies multiple methods including quantitative, qualitative, literature reviews and participatory research.The program will be performed by an international and multidisciplinary team of researchers, involving experts in human-computer-interaction, cognitive ergonomics, labour economics, political science, occupational epidemiology, comparative labour law, industrial relations, work organization and psychology.

Research problem and specific questions: Long-term disruption of circadian rhythms, particularly due to light exposure during the biological night, is associated with a wide range of common non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Approximately 12% of the European working population engages in night-shift work

therefore, studying the impact of night-shift work has important implications for public health. The proposed study aims to a) collect individual-level data on multiple exposures among night-shift workers, using new sensors, information technology, and advanced biomonitoring

b) examine how short-term night-shift work affects bodily functions related to the development of NCDs and ageing

c) identify key biological pathways for health effects associated with night-shift work

d) evaluate longitudinal changes in biomarkers among night- and day-shift workers from baseline to a two-year follow-up

and e) develop a screening battery relevant to night-shift work and development of NCDs to be implemented in the pre-assignment and periodical medical examination conducted by the occupational health services.Data and method: We will address these aims by collecting comprehensive information about occupational and environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and dietary patterns. We will measure cognitive function, established biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic health, hormones, stress, immune function, ageing and epigenetic programming in blood, saliva, and adipose tissue of night- and day-shift workers.Plan for project realization: At baseline, we will compare night- with day-shift workers among Swedish workers (county council health workers n=400) and European workers (n=800) examined with the same protocol during a work week, and we will follow up the Swedish workers (n=400) two years later applying the same protocol.Relevance: This study will generate new knowledge of the long-term impact of circadian disruption on determinants of NCDs and identify the important biological pathways underlying health outcomes among night-shift workers. This will inform preventive actions such as improved work schedules, medical surveillance via the occupational health service of exposed populations, and advising exposed workers.

Many studies nowadays focus on taking stock of the platform economy in Europe (e.g., investigating its magnitude, business models, career and job characteristics of workers, …), surprisingly the occupational safety and health (OSH) implications of platform work have remained largely under the radar. Against this background, the proposed project aims to (i) investigate the OSH risks and regulations of platform work and (ii) provide recommendations to foster a safe and healthy occupational environment for platform workers in European countries based on the results of this study. Pursuing these aims, the project adopts a mixed-method study design organised into two work packages (WP) and involves platform workers living in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. WP1 will consist in a European mixed-method cohort of platform workers. WP1 will explore longitudinally ways in which platform work is associated with OSH-risks and poor health and the experiences of platform workers in regard to OSH of their jobs. WP2 aims to research ways for promoting changes for safer and healthier occupational environments for platform work. For doing so, WP2 will explore how do platform work managers perceive the OSH of employees/workers, what are the characteristics of platforms that maintain a healthy work environment and what are the regulatory contexts and challenges in terms of OSH posed by platform of work. Both WPs will explore similarities and differences across countries and forms of platform work, thereby contextualising the findings about health and platform work within different regulatory environments. The expected results of this project will provide new and original scientific understanding of an understudied and evolving challenge for the future world of work. Drawing on the new scientific understanding, the project will provide new guidance for policymakers, companies and trade unions to protect the health of the European workforce.

Reaching sustainable development goals will require increased recycling, particularly of common and rare earth metals, which require energy-intensive processes for mining, extraction, and refining. Therefore, the recycling industry must expand dramatically over the coming decade. Handling materials for recycling carries the risk of high exposure to mixed toxic metals and organic chemicals, repetitive work, and potential accidents. However, in Sweden we have surprisingly little knowledge about the current work environment in the recycling industry. Moreover, the knowledge about risks and systematic management of the work environment likely differs largely among recycling companies. Therefore, in the interdisciplinary project GreenMetalWaste, we aim to characterize the work environment with a particular focus on metal exposure in large and smaller metal recycling companies, explore the subsequent health effects, evaluate companies’ risk management, and work with the companies to find solutions to mitigate the risks. Specifically, we aim to recruit 200 workers (men and women) in Stockholm, Göteborg, Västerbotten, and Southern Sweden, and assess 1) their exposure by sensors and passive samplers, biomonitoring (particularly for metals), and questionnaire data

2) work-related health effects by questionnaire (work-related symptoms), biomarkers (oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic changes) and lung function

and 3) together with the companies, find strategies to minimize risks (e.g. by safety-by-design or personal protection). GreenMetalWaste will align with similar efforts in the EU (“PARC”) and Denmark (“Genanvend”). The results of this project will provide knowledge about current exposure and risks in the metal recycling industry that are necessary when handling conflicts that may arise between the environmental and work environment goals for the Green Deal. In the end, GreenMetalWaste will make the recycling industry more sustainable.

The retirement age is being raised gradually to counteract the financial consequences of an increasingly older population. However, with increasing age, and in particular after 50 years of age, an increasing number of persons are excluded from the labour market due to health problems. There are also increasing difficulties for young people and people in marginalized labor market positions to establish in the labor market. The research program addresses major challenges to create opportunities for a sustainable working life for all groups on the labor market by strengthening and updating the research on risk factors for poor health, and labor market marginalization and exclusion over the life-span among young, middle aged, and older male and female workers.The aims of the program are to extend knowledge on risk factors for labor market marginalisation and exclusion over the life course (WP1-3), and to identify policies and measures at workplaces that support a long working life (WP4). In four work packages we will study:WP1. Effects of long-term and accumulated poor working conditions on preterm labor-market exit, and potentially risk-reducing effects of occupational change and reduced occupational exposure WP2 Working-life expectancy among different occupational and socioeconomic groups WP3. Determinants and consequences of labor market marginalization over the life courseWP4. Work organizational structures promoting a sustainable working life for all The program is based on research and research collaborations that we have been involved in for many years, in an established environment now under expansion and development. The research team consists of both established and junior researchers from Sweden, the Netherlands, Norway, and the USA. A large, compiled register-based cohort (SWIP) that includes the entire Swedish population, born around 1990 or earlier, will be used in WP1-3. Data from surveys and qualitative interviews will also be collected (WP4).

The ever-changing economic environment, technological advancements, general weakening of trade unions and changes in labor laws have led to the emergence of a variety of non-standard work arrangements. There are significant research challenges related to evaluating the consequences of these work arrangements that this research program aims to address.The overall purpose of this research program is toDeepen the understanding of how non-standard work arrangements affect individuals, families and communities and how these contribute to inequalities in work environment, health and well-being.Identify initiatives that counteract the negative effects of non-standard work arrangements and increase the ability of workers to participate, exercise empowerment, and live healthy lives.The program applies multiple methods including quantitative, qualitative, review and participatory research. It also involves extensive international collaboration and comparison. WP1consists of a total population cohort in Sweden 2003-2020 which will study effects of non-standard work arrangements on health and well-being of individual workers, their coworkers and families. WP2is a multi-country qualitative study exploring the complex inter-relations between non-standard work arrangements, health and well-being to gain a better understanding of howwork be proactively shaped to support the needs of workers. In WP3, which has three parts, we will 1) review case-studies from different countries of local policy initiatives which have aimed to stop or counteract the negative effects of non-standard work arrangements 2) follow and evaluate a government-sponsored program in Sweden involving unions and employers, aimed to counteract crimes and rules violations among companies as a means of gaining a competitive advantage 3) translate the results of this programme into practical tools for practitioners for assessing risks of non-standard work arrangements.