Gonçalo Castelo-Branco Group – research and publications
Our research group is interested in the molecular mechanisms defining the transcriptomic and epigenomic states of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. We are particularly focused on how interplay between transcription factors, non-coding RNAs and chromatin modifying enzymes contributes to the transition between epigenetic states in oligodendroglia, with the aim to design epigenetic based-therapies to induce regeneration/remyelination and prevent neuroinflammation in demyelinating diseases, such as MS.
Research area
All cells in a given organism are derived from a single cell (zygote) and thereby share an identical genome. Additional layers of epigenetic information overlaid on the genome achieve the plethora of cellular phenotypes present in development and in the adult body. This epigenetic information is stored at the level of chromatin, the complex where nuclear DNA is packaged together with histones. DNA methylation and post-translational modifications at histones define the epigenetic state of a cell and ultimately cell fate, by controlling key processes, including transcription. Non-coding RNAs have also emerged recently as key regulators of chromatin and cell fate.
Oligodendrocytes insulate neuronal axons through their myelin containing membranes. Myelin allows the fast and efficient impulse transmission between neurons through saltatory conduction and is important for axonal integrity, thereby being essential for the proper functioning of the central nervous system.
Several diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), are characterized by abnormal or defective myelination. Spontaneous remyelination occurs at initial stages of MS, promoted by endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). However, this process progressively starts occurring with less efficiency, until it eventually fails. Oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) start to be specified early during embryogenesis, in different areas of the embryonic brain, but their terminal differentiation and functional maturation occurs only at post-natal stages. The epigenetic state of OPCs define their ability to remain as a precursor cell, differentiate or even de-differentiate into a stem cell state or a glioma initiating cell state.
The main focus of our research group is to investigate how different epigenetic states in oligodendroglia (OPCs and oligodendrocytes) are established, by identifying key chromatin modifying complexes and non-coding RNAs that are involved in epigenetic transitions, using technologies such as single-cell and spatial transcriptomics and epigenomics, among others. We identified novel distinct oligodendrocyte cell states during differentiation/myelination (Science 2015, Science 2016, Nature Communications 2020) and also during development (Developmental Cell, 2018, Developmental Cell 2022). We have also expanded our single-cell omics approach to the MOG EAE mouse model of MS and to human patient samples, in which we could discriminate distinct disease-associated OPC/OL states (Nature Medicine, 2018, Nature 2019, bioRxiv 2022).
We have implemented scATAC-Seq, which allows examination of chromatin accessibility at a single cell level, applying for instance to examine the oligodendrocyte lineage in the EAE mouse model of MS (Neuron 2022). We found that oligodendroglia is already primed at an epigenomic level at immune genes, to allow their transcription in inflammatory environments. We also found that some susceptibility variant for MS are located in regions of open chromatin in human and mouse oligodendroglia, which might implicates these cells in MS aetiology and progression.
We are very interested in technological development in single-cell and spatial epigenomics. We have developed single-cell CUT&Tag to examine the simultaneous profile of histone modifications at a single-cell level in large number of cells and applied to investigate the epigenomic heterogeneity of the mouse brain (Nature Biotechnology 2021). We also developed a multimodal and optimized iteration of scCUT&Tag called nano-CT (for nano-CUT&Tag) that allows simultaneous probing of three epigenomic modalities at single-cell resolution, using nanobody-Tn5 fusion proteins (Nature Biotechnology 2022). In collaboration with Prof. Rong Fan at Yale University, we have implemented CUT&Tag and ATAC-Seq at a spatial level, by using a new ligation-based method for deterministic barcoding in tissue, probing different histone modifications and chromatin accessibility in the mouse brain (Nature 2022 and Science 2022).
We generated several web resources from our single-cell and spatial omic datasets, compiled in our OligoInternode interface, where one can enter your gene of interest and investigate its expression pattern in the identified populations and cell states, including the oligodendrocyte lineage. One can explore how a gene of interest is differentially expressed or the chromatin landscape in regulatory regions surrounding your gene of interest.
Selected latest publications
Multimodal chromatin profiling using nanobody-based single-cell CUT&Tag.
Bartosovic M, Castelo-Branco G
Nat Biotechnol 2022 Dec;():
Spatial profiling of chromatin accessibility in mouse and human tissues.
Deng Y, Bartosovic M, Ma S, Zhang D, Kukanja P, Xiao Y, Su G, Liu Y, Qin X, Rosoklija GB, Dwork AJ, Mann JJ, Xu ML, Halene S, Craft JE, Leong KW, Boldrini M, Castelo-Branco G, Fan R
Nature 2022 Sep;609(7926):375-383
Spatial-CUT&Tag: Spatially resolved chromatin modification profiling at the cellular level.
Deng Y, Bartosovic M, Kukanja P, Zhang D, Liu Y, Su G, Enninful A, Bai Z, Castelo-Branco G, Fan R
Science 2022 Feb;375(6581):681-686
Epigenomic priming of immune genes implicates oligodendroglia in multiple sclerosis susceptibility
Mandy Meijer*, Eneritz Agirre*, Mukund Kabbe, Cassandra A. van Tuijn, Abeer Heskol, Chao Zheng, Ana Mendanha Falcão, Marek Bartosovic, Leslie Kirby, Daniela Calini, Michael R. Johnson, M. Ryan Corces, Thomas J. Montine, Xingqi Chen, Howard Y. Chang, Dheeraj Malhotra, and Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
Neuron 2022 doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.034
Single-cell CUT&Tag profiles histone modifications and transcription factors in complex tissues.
Bartosovic M, Kabbe M, Castelo-Branco G
Nat Biotechnol 2021 Apr;():
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Distinct oligodendrocyte populations have spatial preference and different responses to spinal cord injury.
Floriddia EM, Lourenço T, Zhang S, van Bruggen D, Hilscher MM, Kukanja P, et al
Nat Commun 2020 11;11(1):5860
Crossing boundaries: Interplay between the immune system and oligodendrocyte lineage cells.
Kirby L, Castelo-Branco G
Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020 Nov;():
Altered human oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis
Sarah Jäkel, Eneritz Agirre, Ana Mendanha Falcão, David van Bruggen, Ka Wai Lee, Irene Knuesel, Dheeraj Malhotra, Charles ffrench-Constant, Anna Williams and Gonçalo Castelo-Branco.
Nature. 2019 Feb;566(7745):543-547.
Disease-specific oligodendrocyte lineage cells arise in multiple sclerosis.
Falcão AM, van Bruggen D, Marques S, Meijer M, Jäkel S, Agirre E, et al
Nat. Med. 2018 12;24(12):1837-1844
Full text
Transcriptional Convergence of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Progenitors during Development.
Marques S, van Bruggen D, Vanichkina DP, Floriddia EM, Munguba H, Väremo L, et al
Dev. Cell 2018 08;46(4):504-517.e7
Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system.
Marques S, Zeisel A, Codeluppi S, van Bruggen D, Mendanha Falcão A, Xiao L, et al
Science 2016 Jun;352(6291):1326-1329
Article at KI News: Nerve-insulating cells more diverse than previously thought